Bibliographies: 'Died june' – Grafiati (2024)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

In Princeton, last June 16th, the English historian Lawrence Stone died. In Cambridge, a few days later on June 19th, his colleague Ronald Robinson died. Both are amongst the most influential historians of our times. Both introduced new ideas and insights, which revolutionised our perception of certain aspects of the past.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Gordon Cox, who died in 1996 at the age of 90, had two distinct careers. The first, as a crystallographer and structural chemist, lasted from 1927, when he joined Sir William Bragg's group at the Royal Institution, to 1960, when he left the University of Leeds. He was a pioneer of three-dimensional methods in X-ray structure analysis. From 1960 to 1971 he was the highly regarded secretary of the Agricultural Research Council. Cox was born on 24 April 1906 at Pretoria Cottage, Southdown, Twerton, in Somerset, where his father was a market gardener. Three years later his sister Christine was born. A third child, Kenneth, died in infancy. His father, Ernest Henry Cox, was born in 1884. He outlived two wives, married a third in 1941 and died in 1987 at the age of 103. Gordon's mother, Rosina Ring, was twelve years older than his father. They had married at Claverton, near Bath, on 29 April 1905. Rosina, one of many children of a chef, had been sent with two of her siblings to Canada to work on a farm in Ontario in the 1880s. She returned in 1895, and her son Herbert Moffat was born on her return to England. Gordon's family consisted of this elder half-brother, whom he worshipped, and the younger sister, with whom he often quarrelled. His mother often told him of the harsh life in Canada but she had also had some enjoyment there. She died in 1931.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Murray Barr died six weeks before his eighty–seventh birthday and 15 miles from his birthplace on a farm in south-western Ontario. He had lived and died in London, Canada, which, during his lifetime, grew from a commercial and educational centre of 40 000 inhabitants to a prosperous city of over 300 000. Following in the tradition of his pioneering forebears, Murray Barr was firmly rooted in his place of origin; in fact, he never strayed for long from London after arriving there to attend high–school as a boy of 12.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Background In the literature, there are different studies about the mortality and epidemiology of COVID-19 and such researchs are expected to increase even more. We purposed in our study to compare data about the mortality and epidemiology of patients who died from COVID-19 and another disease in January, February, March, April, May and June of 2020 with data of patients who died because of other diseases in the same months of 2018, 2019 and 2020 . Materials and Methods We evaluated the files of the patients who died in the months of January, February, March, April, May and June of 2018, 2019 and 2020 retrospectively. Patients died from COVID-19 were exact cases whose reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was positive. We noted age, gender, nationality, marital status, social security, place of residence of all patients. Mortality in our study describes number of deaths / inpatients. Results The number of inpatients in 2018 was 49831, in 2019 was 46429, in 2020 was 37843 and totally was 134103. 1421 of them were inpatients from COVID-19. 39 of 1421 inpatients died because of COVID-19. Average number of mortality in 2018 was 0.92%, in 2019 1.14% and in 2020 1.47% and there was significant relationship between groups (p < 0.0001). The mortality of COVID-19 was determined 2.74 % in our hospital. Conclusion In conclusion, in our study, average number of deaths and mortality in 2020 were more than in 2018 and 2019. In addition, COVID-19 may have begun in February 2020, not in March, in Turkey according to the number of deaths in February and March in 2020 of our hospital. Mortality in June 2020 was less than June 2019 and June 2018. We think that our study can contribute to the last epidemiologic data in the world. Keywords: COVID-19, 2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2, mortality, epidemiology

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Timothy Weiler Linick died on June 4th, 1989. He was a dedicated researcher, and an important part of the NSF Accelerator Facility for Radioisotope Analysis at the University of Arizona. He will be remembered for his care and attention to details, especially in the calculation and reporting of radiocarbon dates. He made important contributions to the fields of oceanography and tree-ring calibration of the 14C time scale.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The twentieth-fourth general election in Japan took Place on 25 June 2000, shortly after Yoshiro Mori had succeeded his predecessor, Keizo Obuchi, as interim prime minister. (Obuchi had died after being in a coma following a stroke.) He, in his turn, had succeeded Ryutaro Hashimoto to the prime ministership when Hashimoto had resigned after the government lost a considerable number of seats in the election for the upper house in 1998. Keizo Obuchi had managed to increase support for the government by passing two substantial sets of legislative measures to stimulate the economy in 1998 and 1999.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Georg Öder der Jüngere (II.) und dessen gleichnamiger Sohn verkörperten im ausgehenden 16. Jahrhundert als kurfürstliche Markscheider das amtliche Vermessungswesen Sachsens. Georg Öder II. erscheint im Zusammenhang mit seinen Vermessungen der landesherrlichen Wälder und Jagden Sachsens als Initiator einer kartographischen Tradition, die schließlich von seinen Söhnen fortgesetzt wurde. Zentrale Werke, die bisher Georg Öder II. zugeschrieben wurden, können als Arbeiten seines Sohnes Georg Öders III. herausgestellt werden. Dazu zählen die Forstzeichenbücher und die damit verbundenen Kartierungen der kurfürstlichen Waldungen, mit denen Georg Öder III. wichtige Impulse zur Entwicklung der kursächsischen Vermessungskartographie beisteuerte.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Turkey has had two major mine accidents recently. In 2014, three hundred and one (301) miners died in the Soma coal mine accident and about five months later, in October 2014, eighteen miners lost their lives in Ermenek. In June 2012, a new Occupational Health and Safety Law entered into force. Although this law brought serious clauses for the organizations to take precautions to prevent such accidents, it was not applied properly for some reasons. First, it was ignored by the businesses as it brought financial burden for them. Second, workers could not express their views individually because they did not have a union to do it for them. The third and most important reason was that; businesses were not inspected properly. As a result of these accidents, The Turkish Grand National Assembly approved the ILO Mine Workers’ Health and Safety Agreement No. 176 in December 2014. Before Turkey, this agreement had been approved by 29 countries among 185 ILO members including Zambia, USA, Finland, Albania and Germany. These frequent mine accidents get serious reactions from the public. Therefore, unionization must be compulsory in mine businesses and inspections must be more effective.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Objectives: The objective of our present study was to evaluate the efficacy of radical vaginectomy with or without radical hysterectomy in patients with FIGO stage I and II vagin*l cancers. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 13 patients aged 35 – 78 years. All the patients underwent radical surgery for vagin*l cancer from April 2010 till June 2015. Kaplan- meier analyses was used to calculate the disease free survival and overall survival at 12 months. Results: The mean age of patients was 54.9 years. Twelve patients were with FIGO stage I while one had stage II vagin*l cancer. The histopathology was squamous cell cancer in 9 patients, small cell neuroendocrine cancer in two patients and malignant melanoma in 2 patients. The lesion was confined to upper 2/3 of vagin* in 8 cases and lower 1/3 was involved in 5 cases. All the patients underwent radical surgery. Lymph node dissection was done in eleven patients out of whom lymph nodes were positive in 4 patients. Three patients had positive margins. Adjuvant treatment was given to patients with positive margins or positive nodes. Six patients did not require any adjuvant treatment and two patients defaulted adjuvant treatment. One patient developed Vesico-vagin*l fistula. Over a follow up period ranging from 6 to 67 months, recurrence developed in two patients and one of them died of disease. The 12 months Disease free survival was 82.1% and 12 months Overall Survival was 90.9%. Conclusion: Stage I and selected stage II vagin*l cancer patients have good outcomes in terms of survival and local tumor control if managed judiciously by initial surgery followed by selective adjuvant therapy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Abstract Introduction Acute adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in day care chemotherapy are not uncommon and easily manageable many a time. However, sometimes they may lead to untoward events. It is of paramount importance to document and analyze such events in contemporary medical oncology practice for the best utilization and planning of available personnel and resources. Objectives This study was aimed to analyze the acute ADRs occurring in day care cancer chemotherapy setting. Materials and Methods All acute ADRs reported in day care cancer chemotherapy setting, during the administration of chemotherapy, at Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, were included in the study from June 15, 2020 to September 30, 2020. The ADRs were classified in to anaphylactic, allergic, and gastrointestinal (nausea/vomiting/heart burns/chest tightness). All ADRs were graded according to CTCAE version 5.0. Suspected drugs, time to reaction, and corrective measures were analyzed. Results During the study period, a total of 8,600 sessions of day care chemotherapy were administered. ADRs were noticed in 83 cases (~1%). Among the reported ADRs, anaphylactic reactions were noted in 20 patients (24%); allergic reactions of grades 1 and 2 were noted in 41 patients (49%). Gastrointestinal ADRs were noted in 30 patients (36%). Adverse reactions are mostly seen in oxaliplatin (22.8%), rituximab (14.4%), pacl*taxel (15.6%), carboplatin (13.2%), and docetaxel (7.2%). In grade-I (10%) and grade-II (63%) resections, supportive treatment was provided and chemotherapy was continued. Grade-III ADRs were noted in 21 patients (25%) out of whom, 3 patients required short-term intensive care, chemotherapy was withheld until the next cycle in one patient, and chemotherapy regimen was changed in 3 patients. No patient died of ADR. Conclusion Serious ADRs are rare in contemporary medical oncology practice during day care chemotherapy administration. Most acute ADRs were easily managed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Background: The benefit of administering chemotherapy directly into the peritoneal cavity is supported by preclinical, clinical and pharmaco*kinetic data. In view of paucity of data from the Indian subcontinent, we decided to study the response and tolerability of intraperitoneal (I/P) chemotherapy in carcinoma ovary in Indian population. Methods: In this observational study, from March 2013 to June 2015, the efficacy and tolerability of adjuvant I/P chemotherapy in optimally cytoreduced stage III epithelial ovarian cancer patients were assessed. Treatment consisted of 135 mg/m2 of i.v. pacl*taxel over a 3-hours period on day 1 followed by AUC 5 carboplatin i.v. on day 2 and 60 mg/m2 of i.p. pacl*taxel on day 8 every 3 weekly for six cycles. Results: Total 50 patients were enrolled. The median age of patients was 53 yrs (32 yrs – 67 yrs). Out of a total of 240 I/P cycles, 225 cycles (93%) were completed. 30 patients (75%) received all the 6 cycles by IP route, 6 patients completed 5, 3 patients completed 4 cycles and 1 completed 3 I/P cycles. 4 Out of 30 patients who completed all 6 cycles of I/P chemotherapy, had one or more adjustment including delay while in 3 patients (7.5%) dose had to be reduced. after median follow up of 14 months, 8 patients (12.5%) had local or systemic recurrence, 2 patients (5%) had progression during treatment and died due to disease. median progression free survival not reached yet. One patients had vagin*l leak. Catheter block was seen in five cases. Two cases had needle displacement and extravasations of drug around the port chamber. 6 patients had severe abdominal pain and cramp (grade 3) after infusion of saline. Hematologic toxicity was evaluated in all patients and in all cycles. Grade 3 or 4 Leucopenia was experienced by 25 patients (50%) but Febrile Neutropenia occurred in only 5 (10%) patients. Grade 3 or 4 anemia occurred in 17 (42.5%) and grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia was experienced by 6 patients (15%). Renal complication present in 3 patients (7.5%) and transient transfusion reaction developed in 5 patients. mucositis present in 21 patients. Conclusions: Adjuvant I/P chemotherapy in optimally cytoreduced epithelial ovarian cancer is active and well tolerated in Indian patients.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

The first part of the study analyzes the precipitations recorded in June over the 1961-2020 period for 22 climatological weather stations over different regions of Romania in order to determine if precipitations in June 2020 were higher than those recorded before 2020. For this, 5 precipitation indices have been used: number of heavy and very heavy precipitation days, 24-, 48- and 72-hours precipitation amounts. The second part is dedicated to precipitations recorded in June 2020, registered at 157 weather stations from Romania, divided in historical regions; it analyzes the number of heavy and very heavy precipitation days, synoptic and mesoscale conditions from different periods of time using the specific methods of investigation (charts of sea level pressure, geopotential height, temperature and humidity, atmospheric soundings, different stability indices, vertical wind shear, infrared and visible satellite images and radar images of convective storms). The main findings are: precipitations recorded in June 2020 at 22 climatological weather stations did not exceed the absolute maximum precipitation recorded between 1961-2019, and precipitations recorded in 24, 48 and 72 hours were higher only at 2 or 3 weather stations; the number of heavy and very heavy precipitation days recorded in June 2020 were higher in the Carpathians, the North and Center, and the West regions of Romania; synoptic conditions were determined by low values of atmospheric pressure at the surface and/or by the atmospheric depressions, while in the middle troposphere, an atmospheric trough or a cut-off low was present; mesoscale conditions presented low or medium values of Convective Available Potential Energy, negative values of Lifted Index, and weak or medium wind shear in the 0-3 km layer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

In den zurückliegenden Jahren ist es in verschiedenen Bundesländern (z.B. Nordrhein-Westfalen, Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz) wiederholt zu landesverfassungsgerichtlichen Auseinandersetzungen um die Dotierung des kommunalen Finanzausgleichs gekommen. In diesem Zusammenhang hat der Verfassungsgerichtshof Rheinland-Pfalz in seinem Urteil vom 14. Februar 2012 im Rahmen des Normenkontrollverfahrens zur Änderung des Landesfinanzausgleichsgesetzes vom 12. Juni 2007 neben der Verpflichtung des Landes zur Bereitstellung einer „angemessene Finanzausstattung“ der Kommunen zugleich darauf verwiesen, dass als wesentliche Grundlage für einen funktionsfähigen Finanzausgleich die Kommunen „ihre eigenen Einnahmequellen angemessen auszuschöpfen“ haben und dabei ihre „Kräfte größtmöglich anspannen“ sollten. Soweit in Anbetracht dessen eine unzureichende kommunale Finanzausstattung auch das Ergebnis autonomer Haushaltsentscheidungen von Städten, Gemeinden und Gemeindeverbänden ist, sind die damit verbundenen negativen fiskalischen Folgen von den dafür verantwortlichen Kommunen zu tragen. Dies steht in Einklang mit der ökonomischen Interpretation der kommunalen Selbstverwaltungsgarantie und der damit einhergehenden finanziellen Eigen-verantwortung der Kommunen, aus der sich nicht allein ein durch das Land zu deckender Anspruch auf angemessene Finanzausstattung, sondern zugleich auch die Forderung nach einer verantwortungsbewussten kommunalen Einnahmenpolitik in Orientierung am Grundsatz der Subsidiarität sowie der fiskalischen Äquivalenz ableitet. Vor diesem Hintergrund unterzieht der vorliegende Beitrag exemplarisch die Einnahmenpolitik der Kommunen des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz für den Zeit-raum von 2007 bis 2014 einer finanzwissenschaftlichen Analyse, um den Ausschöpfungsgrad vorhandener originärer Einnahmequellen von Städten und Gemeinden näher zu untersuchen. Dies umfasst zum einen eine Betrachtung der Entwicklung der kommunalen Einnahmen insgesamt (Kapitel B) ebenso wie jener der Realsteuereinnahmen einschließlich einer ökonomischen Bewertung der kommunalen Hebesatzpolitik (Kapitel C). Zum anderen erfolgt eine kritische Beurteilung der vorhandenen Einnahmenpotentiale im Bereich der sonstigen kommunalen Steuern sowie bei Erwerbseinkünften, Gebühren und Beiträgen auf Grundlage von Daten der amtlichen Statistik zur Finanzsituation der Kommunen des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz (Kapitel D).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Dieser Bericht stellt die deskriptiven Ergebnisse der Befragung „Steuerliche Verwaltungskosten, steuerliche Corona-Soforthilfemaßnahmen und Investitionen in der Krise“ vor. Die Online-Befragung erfolgte im Zeitraum vom 13. Mai 2020 bis zum 25. Juni 2020.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Mit w-fFORTE Innovatorinnen strebt das Bundesministerium für Digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort (BMDW) an, Frauen in standortrelevanter Forschung und Innovation (F&I) gezielt zu unterstützen und sichtbar zu machen. Hochqualifizierte Frauen werden darin bestärkt, ihre Ideen zu entfalten, neue Netzwerk-Kontakte aufzubauen und zu mehr Gestaltungsspielräumen und beruflicher Weiterentwicklung zu gelangen. Die FFG hat dafür im Zeitraum 2018-2019 in enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem BMDW ein innovatives Leadership- & Empowerment-Programm entwickelt. Der erste Durchgang fand als Pilot von Juni 2020 bis April 2021 mit insgesamt 21 Innovatorinnen statt, die von einer Jury aus einer Vielzahl von Bewerberinnen ausgewählt wurden. Während der Pilot-Laufzeit wurde eine begleitende Erhebung durch WPZ Research durchgeführt. Ziel war es, die Wirksamkeit des Pilots zu prüfen und Evidenzen für eine mögliche Weiterführung der Aktivitäten zu erhalten.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

Mit Blick auf Deutschland steht außer Frage, dass die im bestehenden föderativen System enthaltene Garantie der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung ein hinreichendes Maß an dezentraler Finanzautonomie voraussetzt. Die Bewältigung der den Kommunen im Rahmen der föderalen Zuständigkeitsverteilung zugewiesenen Aufgaben und das Tätigen der damit verbundenen Ausgaben sind ohne eine entsprechende Ausstattung mit Einnahmen, d.h. der Verfügbarkeit über angemessene finanzielle Mittel zur Aufgabenerfüllung, nicht möglich. Diese grundlegende Einsicht spiegelt sich bereits in Art. 28 Abs. 2 Grundgesetz (GG), wonach den Gemeinden und Gemeindeverbänden das Recht gewährleistet sein muss, „alle Angelegenheiten der örtlichen Gemeinschaft im Rahmen der Gesetze in eigener Verantwortung zu regeln“. Und weiter heißt es dort: „Die Gewährleistung der Selbstverwaltung umfasst auch die Grundlagen der finanziellen Eigenverantwortung“. Dieser im Rahmen der Grundgesetzanpassung von 1994 hinzugefügte Satz stellt nicht allein eine verfassungsrechtliche Grundlage für die Zuweisung eigener Steuerhoheiten an die kommunale Ebene durch den Bundesgesetzgeber dar. Er ist zugleich auch die grundgesetzliche Basis einer garantierten (vertikalen) Zuweisung von finanziellen Mitteln eines jeweiligen Landes an seine Kommunen und bildet damit den rechtlichen Bezugspunkt für den auf Landesebene bestehenden kommunalen Finanzausgleich, dessen Durchführung in den jeweiligen Landesverfassungen geregelt ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat auch der Verfassungsgerichtshof Rheinland-Pfalz in seinem Urteil vom 14. Februar 2012 im Rahmen des Normenkontrollverfahrens zur Änderung des Landesfinanzausgleichsgesetzes vom 12. Juni 2007 zum einen auf die Verpflichtung des Landes aus Art. 49 Abs. 6 LV hingewiesen, über den kommunalen Finanzausgleich eine „angemessene Finanzausstattung“ der Kommunen zur Erfüllung pflichtiger wie freiwilliger Selbstverwaltungsaufgaben zu gewährleisten. Zugleich wird vom Verfassungsgerichtshof zum anderen aber auch darauf verwiesen, dass als wesentliche Grundlage für einen funktionsfähigen Finanzausgleich „die Kommunen ihre eigenen Einnahmequellen angemessen auszuschöpfen und Einsparpotentiale bei der Aufgabenwahrnehmung zu verwirklichen“ haben. Als unmittelbare Folge aus dieser vom Verfassungsgerichtshof formulierten Anforderung an die kommunale Einnahmenpolitik kann das Land „im Gegenzug für seinen Beitrag zur Bewältigung der kommunalen Finanzkrise verlangen, dass auch die Kommunen ihre Kräfte größtmöglich anspannen“ (ebenda). Auch wenn die zurückliegend formulierten Anforderungen auf sämtliche Kommunen in Deutschland zutreffen, soll im vorliegenden Beitrag beispielhaft die aktuelle Klage eines Teils der Kommunen des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz, der zufolge die Regelungen des Landesfinanzausgleichsgesetzes für das Jahr 2014 als nicht ausreichend gelten, um die Vorgaben aus dem Urteil des Verfassungsgerichtshofs vom 14. Februar 2012 zu erfüllen, zum Anlass für eine entsprechende Überprüfung der Einnahmenpolitik der Städte und Gemeinden des Landes genommen werden. Hierbei wird sich auf eine Analyse der bestehenden Finanzierungsspielräume im Bereich der sogenannten Realsteuern (Gewerbesteuer, Grundsteuer B, Grundsteuer A) als jenen kommunalen Einnahmequellen konzentriert, die bekanntermaßen mit Abstand zu den bedeutendsten Einnahmequellen von Städten und Gemeinden zählen, die von diesen eigenverantwortlich gestaltet werden können. Ziel der nachfolgenden Untersuchung ist folglich die Fragestellung, ob die rheinland-pfälzischen Kommunen die ihnen im Rahmen der Realsteuerpolitik zur Verfügung stehenden Möglichkeiten zur Finanzierung ihrer Haushalte in angemessenem Umfang in den zurückliegenden Jahren ausgeschöpft haben. Als Betrachtungszeitraum für die empirische Analyse werden dabei die Jahre 2007 bis 2013 zugrunde gelegt, wobei immer dann, wenn Daten der amtlichen Statistik auch für 2014 bereits verfügbar sind, diese in die Betrachtung mit einbezogen werden.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Abstract:

In this Insight Note, we report results of a phone survey that the RISE Tanzania Research team conducted with 2,240 parents (or alternate primary care-givers) of primary school children following the school closures in Tanzania. After the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Tanzania on 16 March 2020, the government ordered all primary schools closed the following day. Schools remained closed until 29 June 2020. Policymakers and other education stakeholders were concerned that the closures would lead to significant learning loss if children did not receive educational support or engagement at home. To help stem learning loss, the government promoted radio, TV, and internet-based learning content to parents of school-age children. The primary aims of the survey were to understand how children and families responded to the school closures, the education related activities they engaged in, and their strategies to send children back to school. The survey also measures households’ engagement with remote learning content over the period of school closures. We supplement the findings of the parent survey with insights from interviews with Ward Education Officers about their activities during the school closures. The survey sample is comprised of primary care-givers (in most cases, parents) of students enrolled in Grades 3 and 4 during the 2020 school year. The survey builds on an existing panel of students assessed in 2019 and 2020 in a nationally representative sample of schools.4 The parent surveys were conducted using Computer Assisted Telephonic Interviewing (CATI) over a two-week period in early September 2020, roughly two months after the re-opening of primary schools. We report the following key findings from this survey: *Almost all (more than 99 percent) of children in our sample were back in school two months after schools re-opened. The vast majority of parents believed it was either safe or extremely safe for their children to return to school. *Only 6 percent of households reported that their children listened to radio lessons during the school closures; and a similar fraction (5.5 percent) tuned into TV lessons over the same period. Less than 1 percent of those surveyed accessed educational programmes on the internet. Households with access to radio or TV reported higher usage. *Approximately 1 in 3 (36 percent) children worked on the family farm during the closures, with most children working either 2 or 3 days a week. Male children were 6.2 percentage points likelier to work on the family farm than female children. *Households have limited access to education materials for their child. While more than 9 out of 10 households have an exercise book, far fewer had access to textbooks (35 percent) or own reading books (31 percent). *One in four parents (24 percent) read a book to their child in the last week.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles